Side N
The Electron, to Thirteen Digits
Which sources back which section of this article, and what its evidence base looks like.
Which sources back which section
| Section | Sources behind it |
|---|---|
| What Happened | NIST’s CODATA 2022 complete listing and its inverse fine-structure-constant page; NIST’s constants index, for the 2026 deadline notice; BIPM’s list of the SI’s defining constants; Mohr, Newell, Taylor and Tiesinga, Rev. Mod. Phys. 97, 025002 (2025); Fan, Myers, Sukra and Gabrielse (2023); Parker and others (2018) and Morel and others (2020), on the fine-structure constant; Volkov (2019, 2024) and Aoyama, Hayakawa, Hirayama and Nio (2025), on the five-loop calculation; Borexino (2015), Roussy and others (2023), ATLAS (2019) and CMS (2023), the four bounds; Lu, Han, Yao and others (2024), on pentalayer graphene; Thomson’s 1897 paper; and the 1975 CeAl₃ paper, cited but not read |
| Timeline | Thomson (1897); Millikan (1913); Schrödinger (1926); Davisson and Germer (1927); Dirac (1928); Lamb and Retherford (1947); Kusch and Foley (1948); Tsui, Störmer and Gossard (1982); Laughlin (1983); Van Dyck, Schwinberg and Dehmelt (1987); BIPM, for the 2019 SI redefinition; Volkov (2019, 2024) and Aoyama, Hayakawa, Hirayama and Nio (2025); Fan, Myers, Sukra and Gabrielse (2023); Cai and others (2023) and Park and others (2023); Roussy and others (2023); the Nobel Prize summary (2023); Lu, Han, Yao and others (2024); Mohr, Newell, Taylor and Tiesinga (2025); and NIST’s constants index, for the 2026 deadline |
| The Argument | Fan, Myers, Sukra and Gabrielse (2023); Parker and others (2018) and Morel and others (2020); NIST’s recommended value of the inverse fine-structure constant; and Volkov (2019, 2024) and Aoyama, Hayakawa, Hirayama and Nio (2025), on the five-loop calculation |
| What Others Add | Tsui, Störmer and Gossard (1982) and Laughlin (1983); Cai and others (2023), Park and others (2023) and Lu, Han, Yao and others (2024); CMS (2023) and ATLAS (2019); Roussy and others (2023) and the Borexino Collaboration (2015); and the Nobel Prize summary (2023) |
| Conclusion | ATLAS (2019), Roussy and others (2023) and the Borexino Collaboration (2015), on the bounds; Fan, Myers, Sukra and Gabrielse (2023); BIPM, on the charge as a defining constant; Parker and others (2018) and Morel and others (2020), on the disagreement that limits the test; NIST’s constants index, for the 2026 date; and Volkov (2019, 2024) and Aoyama, Hayakawa, Hirayama and Nio (2025), on the five-loop error and its correction |
What the evidence base looks like
- 30Sources behind this article
- 5Sections, every one of them sourced
- 8Read in full
- 13Verified only by citation, the text itself not read
| What the source is | How many | How they were read |
|---|---|---|
| State metrology and standards bodies | 4 | Fetched directly and read in full: NIST’s three constants pages and BIPM’s list of the SI’s defining constants |
| Primary papers read in full | 4 | Roussy and others (2023) and CMS (2023), via ar5iv; Thomson’s 1897 paper, in transcription; the Nobel Prize’s own summary page |
| Primary papers read at the abstract | 9 | Fan, Myers, Sukra and Gabrielse (2023); the two Volkov papers and the Aoyama-Hayakawa-Hirayama-Nio resolution; the caesium and rubidium fine-structure measurements; Borexino (2015), ATLAS (2019) and Lu, Han, Yao and others (2024) |
| Citations verified, the text itself not read | 12 | Resolved via CrossRef — title, journal, volume and date all confirmed: the CODATA review article; nine papers from 1926 to 1987 (Schrödinger, Davisson and Germer, Dirac, Lamb and Retherford, Kusch and Foley, Andres-Graebner-Ott, Tsui-Störmer-Gossard, Laughlin, Van Dyck-Schwinberg-Dehmelt); and the two 2023 fractional-Hall papers by Cai and by Park |
| Attempted and not reachable | 1 | Millikan’s 1913 paper: the citation resolves but no readable text could be fetched this session, so it stands in the timeline as a dated event alone |
Reliable
Reliable, but with an interestWorth believing and reliableWeak on both, and used with careHonest, but thin
Worth believing